Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) with electrochemical (EC) capabilities Vinyl anaerobic chamber (Coy lab products) Nicolet iS50 FTIR Spectrometer (Thermo Scientific) TGA SETSYS Evolution Gas-Chromatograph (GC) – Agilent 7890A AutoChem II 2920 Chemisorption Analyzer Controlled Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy (CIMPS) – Zahner Electrik Solar Simulator (Abet, USA) Kelvin Probe (NRH020 KP Technologies) Ultrasonic Spray Deposition (ExactaCoat, Sono-Tek) Dry/ Wet Electrochemical Characterization Station (Ivium nStat) Profilometer (DekTak Bruker)